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 <div class="section" id="full-grammar-specification">
<h1>9. Full Grammar specification<a class="headerlink" href="#full-grammar-specification" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
This is the full Python grammar, as it is read by the parser generator and used
to parse Python source files:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre># Grammar for Python

# Note: Changing the grammar specified in this file will most likely
# require corresponding changes in the parser module
# (../Modules/parsermodule.c). If you can&#39;t make the changes to
# that module yourself, please co-ordinate the required changes
# with someone who can; ask around on python-dev for help. Fred
# Drake &lt;fdrake@acm.org&gt; will probably be listening there.

# NOTE WELL: You should also follow all the steps listed in PEP 306,
# &quot;How to Change Python&#39;s Grammar&quot;

# Start symbols for the grammar:
# single_input is a single interactive statement;
# file_input is a module or sequence of commands read from an input file;
# eval_input is the input for the eval() and input() functions.
# NB: compound_stmt in single_input is followed by extra NEWLINE!
single_input: NEWLINE | simple_stmt | compound_stmt NEWLINE
file_input: (NEWLINE | stmt)* ENDMARKER
eval_input: testlist NEWLINE* ENDMARKER

decorator: &#39;@&#39; dotted_name [ &#39;(&#39; [arglist] &#39;)&#39; ] NEWLINE
decorators: decorator+
decorated: decorators (classdef | funcdef)
funcdef: &#39;def&#39; NAME parameters &#39;:&#39; suite
parameters: &#39;(&#39; [varargslist] &#39;)&#39;
varargslist: ((fpdef [&#39;=&#39; test] &#39;,&#39;)*
 (&#39;*&#39; NAME [&#39;,&#39; &#39;**&#39; NAME] | &#39;**&#39; NAME) |
 fpdef [&#39;=&#39; test] (&#39;,&#39; fpdef [&#39;=&#39; test])* [&#39;,&#39;])
fpdef: NAME | &#39;(&#39; fplist &#39;)&#39;
fplist: fpdef (&#39;,&#39; fpdef)* [&#39;,&#39;]

stmt: simple_stmt | compound_stmt
simple_stmt: small_stmt (&#39;;&#39; small_stmt)* [&#39;;&#39;] NEWLINE
small_stmt: (expr_stmt | print_stmt | del_stmt | pass_stmt | flow_stmt |
 import_stmt | global_stmt | exec_stmt | assert_stmt)
expr_stmt: testlist (augassign (yield_expr|testlist) |
 (&#39;=&#39; (yield_expr|testlist))*)
augassign: (&#39;+=&#39; | &#39;-=&#39; | &#39;*=&#39; | &#39;/=&#39; | &#39;%=&#39; | &#39;&amp;=&#39; | &#39;|=&#39; | &#39;^=&#39; |
 &#39;&lt;&lt;=&#39; | &#39;&gt;&gt;=&#39; | &#39;**=&#39; | &#39;//=&#39;)
# For normal assignments, additional restrictions enforced by the interpreter
print_stmt: &#39;print&#39; ( [ test (&#39;,&#39; test)* [&#39;,&#39;] ] |
 &#39;&gt;&gt;&#39; test [ (&#39;,&#39; test)+ [&#39;,&#39;] ] )
del_stmt: &#39;del&#39; exprlist
pass_stmt: &#39;pass&#39;
flow_stmt: break_stmt | continue_stmt | return_stmt | raise_stmt | yield_stmt
break_stmt: &#39;break&#39;
continue_stmt: &#39;continue&#39;
return_stmt: &#39;return&#39; [testlist]
yield_stmt: yield_expr
raise_stmt: &#39;raise&#39; [test [&#39;,&#39; test [&#39;,&#39; test]]]
import_stmt: import_name | import_from
import_name: &#39;import&#39; dotted_as_names
import_from: (&#39;from&#39; (&#39;.&#39;* dotted_name | &#39;.&#39;+)
 &#39;import&#39; (&#39;*&#39; | &#39;(&#39; import_as_names &#39;)&#39; | import_as_names))
import_as_name: NAME [&#39;as&#39; NAME]
dotted_as_name: dotted_name [&#39;as&#39; NAME]
import_as_names: import_as_name (&#39;,&#39; import_as_name)* [&#39;,&#39;]
dotted_as_names: dotted_as_name (&#39;,&#39; dotted_as_name)*
dotted_name: NAME (&#39;.&#39; NAME)*
global_stmt: &#39;global&#39; NAME (&#39;,&#39; NAME)*
exec_stmt: &#39;exec&#39; expr [&#39;in&#39; test [&#39;,&#39; test]]
assert_stmt: &#39;assert&#39; test [&#39;,&#39; test]

compound_stmt: if_stmt | while_stmt | for_stmt | try_stmt | with_stmt | funcdef | classdef | decorated
if_stmt: &#39;if&#39; test &#39;:&#39; suite (&#39;elif&#39; test &#39;:&#39; suite)* [&#39;else&#39; &#39;:&#39; suite]
while_stmt: &#39;while&#39; test &#39;:&#39; suite [&#39;else&#39; &#39;:&#39; suite]
for_stmt: &#39;for&#39; exprlist &#39;in&#39; testlist &#39;:&#39; suite [&#39;else&#39; &#39;:&#39; suite]
try_stmt: (&#39;try&#39; &#39;:&#39; suite
 ((except_clause &#39;:&#39; suite)+
 [&#39;else&#39; &#39;:&#39; suite]
 [&#39;finally&#39; &#39;:&#39; suite] |
 &#39;finally&#39; &#39;:&#39; suite))
with_stmt: &#39;with&#39; with_item (&#39;,&#39; with_item)* &#39;:&#39; suite
with_item: test [&#39;as&#39; expr]
# NB compile.c makes sure that the default except clause is last
except_clause: &#39;except&#39; [test [(&#39;as&#39; | &#39;,&#39;) test]]
suite: simple_stmt | NEWLINE INDENT stmt+ DEDENT

# Backward compatibility cruft to support:
# [ x for x in lambda: True, lambda: False if x() ]
# even while also allowing:
# lambda x: 5 if x else 2
# (But not a mix of the two)
testlist_safe: old_test [(&#39;,&#39; old_test)+ [&#39;,&#39;]]
old_test: or_test | old_lambdef
old_lambdef: &#39;lambda&#39; [varargslist] &#39;:&#39; old_test

test: or_test [&#39;if&#39; or_test &#39;else&#39; test] | lambdef
or_test: and_test (&#39;or&#39; and_test)*
and_test: not_test (&#39;and&#39; not_test)*
not_test: &#39;not&#39; not_test | comparison
comparison: expr (comp_op expr)*
comp_op: &#39;&lt;&#39;|&#39;&gt;&#39;|&#39;==&#39;|&#39;&gt;=&#39;|&#39;&lt;=&#39;|&#39;&lt;&gt;&#39;|&#39;!=&#39;|&#39;in&#39;|&#39;not&#39; &#39;in&#39;|&#39;is&#39;|&#39;is&#39; &#39;not&#39;
expr: xor_expr (&#39;|&#39; xor_expr)*
xor_expr: and_expr (&#39;^&#39; and_expr)*
and_expr: shift_expr (&#39;&amp;&#39; shift_expr)*
shift_expr: arith_expr ((&#39;&lt;&lt;&#39;|&#39;&gt;&gt;&#39;) arith_expr)*
arith_expr: term ((&#39;+&#39;|&#39;-&#39;) term)*
term: factor ((&#39;*&#39;|&#39;/&#39;|&#39;%&#39;|&#39;//&#39;) factor)*
factor: (&#39;+&#39;|&#39;-&#39;|&#39;~&#39;) factor | power
power: atom trailer* [&#39;**&#39; factor]
atom: (&#39;(&#39; [yield_expr|testlist_comp] &#39;)&#39; |
 &#39;[&#39; [listmaker] &#39;]&#39; |
 &#39;{&#39; [dictorsetmaker] &#39;}&#39; |
 &#39;`&#39; testlist1 &#39;`&#39; |
 NAME | NUMBER | STRING+)
listmaker: test ( list_for | (&#39;,&#39; test)* [&#39;,&#39;] )
testlist_comp: test ( comp_for | (&#39;,&#39; test)* [&#39;,&#39;] )
lambdef: &#39;lambda&#39; [varargslist] &#39;:&#39; test
trailer: &#39;(&#39; [arglist] &#39;)&#39; | &#39;[&#39; subscriptlist &#39;]&#39; | &#39;.&#39; NAME
subscriptlist: subscript (&#39;,&#39; subscript)* [&#39;,&#39;]
subscript: &#39;.&#39; &#39;.&#39; &#39;.&#39; | test | [test] &#39;:&#39; [test] [sliceop]
sliceop: &#39;:&#39; [test]
exprlist: expr (&#39;,&#39; expr)* [&#39;,&#39;]
testlist: test (&#39;,&#39; test)* [&#39;,&#39;]
dictorsetmaker: ( (test &#39;:&#39; test (comp_for | (&#39;,&#39; test &#39;:&#39; test)* [&#39;,&#39;])) |
 (test (comp_for | (&#39;,&#39; test)* [&#39;,&#39;])) )

classdef: &#39;class&#39; NAME [&#39;(&#39; [testlist] &#39;)&#39;] &#39;:&#39; suite

arglist: (argument &#39;,&#39;)* (argument [&#39;,&#39;]
 |&#39;*&#39; test (&#39;,&#39; argument)* [&#39;,&#39; &#39;**&#39; test] 
 |&#39;**&#39; test)
# The reason that keywords are test nodes instead of NAME is that using NAME
# results in an ambiguity. ast.c makes sure it&#39;s a NAME.
argument: test [comp_for] | test &#39;=&#39; test

list_iter: list_for | list_if
list_for: &#39;for&#39; exprlist &#39;in&#39; testlist_safe [list_iter]
list_if: &#39;if&#39; old_test [list_iter]

comp_iter: comp_for | comp_if
comp_for: &#39;for&#39; exprlist &#39;in&#39; or_test [comp_iter]
comp_if: &#39;if&#39; old_test [comp_iter]

testlist1: test (&#39;,&#39; test)*

# not used in grammar, but may appear in &quot;node&quot; passed from Parser to Compiler
encoding_decl: NAME

yield_expr: &#39;yield&#39; [testlist]
</pre></div>
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